Daniel Cauble

Phosphorous also adds a contrasting element to the mix. It will visually contrast with the lower P iron. Edit: oops Allen beat me to it

Phosphorous is wayyyyyy too high.

That kitchen knife with 9 fold oroshigane I kept and finally used recently. The patina revealed some fun stuff. The stone polish that followed revealed it even more. Bands of spheroidized cementite, quite large in fact. I need to peer down the scope to see what's going on, but it most certainly is cementite from here.

Any more thoughts on this?

Ran into some frustration because I felt like I was not seeing enough cementite spheroidizing. I figured I would see more for 1.3-1.4%. I nearly gave up on this bar. Them I forged it some more and gave it literally one last etch before chucking it to the side.

It's probably cementite bands. Which is weird because they usually dont start showing up until forging.

Ok, some updates here. I recently built a new, more durable melting furnace able to withstand 3300F using 94% alumina castable.This new furnace I am using a 1.5" blown propane burner I made for it. The first puck made in the furnace didnt turn out the way I had hoped, so I remelted it again with some more, higher carbon material (my oroshigane). This bumped it up to the 1.3-1.4% C range. I have been making 1.6-2.5% C crucible steel in the past, so this lower carbon content was a little new to me. I also purchased an electric kiln to do an initial roast of the puck. Now I have roasted the puck for 22 hours and am ready to forge this evening. What is most peculiar is without even forging, there are latitudal lines already bunched up it appears seperate from the grain boundary cementite. These last photos are 40x10 mag, dirty belt finish, longer than normal etch in 3% nital.

He mentioned the test end was 5x5 microns with a 1g charge. The left side was a pearlite and ferrite strike with the indention being 15% larger and the centered hits are smaller, being cementite or iron carbide.

It was really bizarre to see and try to decipher. Skip messaged me and said ledeburite, and my hunt for knowledge took off. I delved into my microscopy book and many items online. Found a lot of good information, and even stumbled across a bit of research that connected me with an archaeologist in Europe who happened to have already been following my work on IG, lol. Thanks Jerrod, I meant to make that clear.

You are welcome Jerrod. I knew I was pushing into crazy territory, but didnt fully understand cast characteristics until most recently, and what to look for in my product. As stated earlier in this or my crucible thread, I had various samples of my crucible steel and some hearth steel for a researcher to look at. On of the samples was a 4fold piece of hearth steel. He had mentioned then that I had a clean band of heavy cementite, or iron carbide in the piece. At the time it was a mystery, but now things are getting so clear. This is why I love metallurgy and steel creation. Theres so much I learn the further I go in my journey that I am able to critically inspect previous work and findings a refine my understanding. Anyway, the piece was cool and he did take a micrograph, albeit not as bright as mine are. He also used a Vickers hardness test that the microscope was outfitted with to determine between ferrite and cementite structures. Inside that dark band it was showing all of or most of the white to be cementite at the grain boundaries.

This will make things clearer .

I've hit above 4%, lol. Some of that ledeburite pics show carbon in the 3.8-4% range. I've also managed to make some gray cast with precipitated graphite. However, it doesnt play nice so its avoided.

And some crazy widmenstatten structures that are probably widmenstatten ferrite, but based on my sparks on some of it, I swear its widmenstatten cementite.

I've been talking with several archaeologists and even Skip William's (which reminds me that I need to get back in touch with him) about these structures. At any rate, I've gotten better at polishing for pics. Heres some more of steel under 2% C but right at it. Super nice stuff. This material is going into my nihonto projects and kitchen knives. What you see is saturated pearlite with grain boundary cementite. Once the steel is eutectoid, perlite can no longer store cementite.

It's an obsession I've fine tuned for over 6 years now. I've started micrographing my steel from the raw hearth steel. My results compliment findings in historically produced steels found by archaeologists which is neat. I am currently poised to be assisting in creating a large database of structures for other researchers to use. Lately I have pushed my furnace to cross the 2% C threshold and making larger quantities of white cast to be mixed and blended into my steel. Once carbon starts to cross 2%, ledeburite starts to form and the material starts to become a ceramic.